Community Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology (CAPE)

The Community-based Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology (CAPE) project worked in nine countries in the Greater Horn of Africa region from 2000 to 2005. The project worked for policy and legislative change and provided technical support to governments and NGOs to enable Community Animal Health Worker (CAHW) delivery systems. The project also worked with the Pan African Programme for the Control of Epizootics to eradicate rinderpest by supporting government and NGO partners to integrate CAHW systems into epizootic disease control programmes and surveillance and use participatory epidemiology.

The CAPE team worked in three additional areas. They addressed on conflict management in pastoralist areas, especially cross-border areas, at the field and policy levels. They conducted livestock trade studies and analyses and supported the emergence of the commodity-based approach to trade in development products. They conducted reviews of livestock project in humanitarian contexts.

CAPE produced more than 120 reports, journal publications, conference proceedings, and training materials. The documents are available in the tabs to the left under the following areas:

• Community-based Animal Health Systems, including impact assessments and reviews, documents on policy and legislative change, and minimum standards and good practices.
• Community Animal Health and Epizootic Disease Control, including documents on the use of CAHWs for disease surveillance, and participatory epidemiology.
• Conflict Management in Pastoralist Areas
• Livestock Marketing and Trade
• Livestock Programming in Disasters
• AU/IBAR Policy Briefs

This project was based in the African Union’s Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU/IBAR).

Impacts Assessment and Reviews 

• “Animal Health Service Delivery in Eritrea,” J.D. Woodford. 2001.
• “Animal Health Service Delivery in Pastoralist Areas,” Department of  Veterinary  Medicine Makerere University. Paper for a workshop held in Eneku Training Village, 4-6 September 2001, Eneku, Uganda. 2001.
• “Assessment of the Technical Competence and Ethical Behaviour of Community-based Animal Health Workers in Mwingi District, Kenya,” J.C. Rubyogo, P.M. Murithii, G.J.O. Agumbah, G. Obhai. 2005.
• “Community-based animal health training and creative change in Bolivia,” Susan E. Stewart. 2002.
• “Community-based Animal Health Workers in Kenya,” Jean Claude Rubyogo, Muriithi P. Muhari, Gilbert Agumbah, Obhai George, Ibrahim Farah, Franco Mwendwa. 2003.
• “Community-based Animal Health Workers (CAWHs) in Pastoralist Areas of Kenya: A Study on Selection Process, Impact and Sustainability.”Ana Riviere-Cinnamond, Michael Eregae. 2003.
• “Cross-border issues related to the provision of animal health services with reference to Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania,” Chris Rutebarika, Mohammed M. Bahari, Sileshi Zewdie,  Bernard Mugenyo, Julius K. Kajume. 2003.
• “Impact Assessment of Community-based Animal Health Workers in Ethiopia,”  Ethiopia Participatory Impact Assessment Team. 2002.
• “Increasing the Efficiency of Livestock Service Delivery – the Experience of the Livestock Sector in Zambia,” P.G Sinyangwe, N.G.L Clinch.
• “National Agricultural Research Systems experiences in the use of participatory approaches to animal health research in Kenya,” O.S. Okuthe, K. Kuloba, R.A. Emongor, R.N. Ngotho, S. Bukachi, S.O. Nyamwaro, G. Murila, H.M. Wamwayi.
• “Participatory Impact Assessment of Veterinarios Sin Fronteras (VSF- Spain) Community-based Animal Health Workers (CAHW’s) in Ongino and Malera (Kumi District) Uganda,” Veterinarios Sin Frontas (VSF-Spain).
• “Participatory Impact Assessment of the Save the Children USA Community-based Animal Health Project,”Dollo Ado, Dollo Bay. 2002.
• “Primary Animal Health Care in the 21st Century: Advocating For The Missing Link In Our Change Strategy,” Lindiwe Majele Sibanda. 2002.
• “Sustainability of a Privatized Community-based Animal Health Worker System in Mwingi District, Kenya,” J.C. Rubyogo, P.M. Murithi, G.J.O. Agumbah, G. Obhai. 2005.
• “Veterinary Services in the Horn of Africa: Where Are We Now?” Trish Silkin, Florence Kasirye. 2002.
• “Village animal health workers in Nepal: the pros and cons of developing a National Skills Test,”Karen Stoufer, Narayan D. Ojha, and Parajuli. 2002.

Policies, Legislation, Guidelines and Standards

• “Auxiliary approach to the development of Primary Animal Health Care: policy, regulations and institutional status in Guinea,”Mamadou Lamarana Souare. 2002.
• “Minimum Guidelines for the Implementation of Cah Projects in the East-Horn Ecosystem,” VetAid and CAPE Unit, 2004.
• “Participatory approaches for influencing policies, processes and practices: Lessons from North and South,” John Thompson. 2002.
• “Policy Process in the Livestock Sector: Experiences from the African Union,”William Wolmer and Ian Scoones. 2005.
• “Harmonization of Livestock Policy in the East African Region,” Daudi Waithaka and Ramesh Thampy. Paper for the Workshop on Harmonization of Livestock Policy in the East African Region , 1st to 3rd August 2002, Lake Manyara Hotel, Tanzania.
• “Primary animal health care in the 21st century: shaping the rules, policies, institutions.” Keith Sones and Andy Catley. 2002.
• “Policy Process for Veterinary Services in Africa,” Paper for workshop organized by the Institutional and Policy Support Team (ISPT) of AU-IBAR and the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, UK.  Mombassa, Kenya. September 20-22 2004.
• “Sustainability of Community-Based Animal Health Programmes in Somalia Draft Code of Conduct,”AU, IBAR, and PACE.
• “Report of Consultancy to Support Restructuring of Government Veterinary Services in Ethiopia,” Peter Moorhouse. Paper for a 6-week mission to support the Director, Veterinary Department, Government of the Peoples Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in the process of preparing a proposal to restructure veterinary services in Ethiopia. 9th June to 20th July 2004.
• “Community-Based Animal Health Delivery Systems: Improving the Quality of Veterinary Service Delivery,” Paper prepared for the OIE Seminar Organisation of Veterinary Services and Food Safety World Veterinary Congress. Tunis, September 2002 .
• “Veterinary legal reform in Tanzania,” A. P. Rutabanzibwa. 2002.
• “Minimum Standards and Guidelines for Training of Community-based Animal Health Workers in Kenya,” Kenya Veterinary Board.
• “CAHWS IN SENEGAL: Problem and prospects for action,” Raphael Coly, Babacar G. Youm, Cheikh Ly.  “Participatory approaches in animal healthcare: from practical applications to global-level policy reform,” Andy Catley. 2004.

Privatization and Community-based Animal Health Systems

• “Business-Led Approach to Animal Health Service Delivery,” TechnoServe Kenya.
• “Privatization of Animal Health Service Delivery Systems in Southern Sudan,” F.O. Okwiri and John Sebur. 2002.
• “An Assessment of the Economic Viability of Private Animal Health Service Delivery in Pastoral Areas of Kenya,”F.O. Okwiri, J.K. Kajume, R.K. Odondi. 2001.
• “Effectiveness and financial viability of privatised animal health delivery system,”Bonface K. Kaberia. 2002.
• “Community-based animal health workers and the veterinary profession in the context of African privatization,” D.K. Leonard, C.Ly, P.S.A. Woods. 2002.
• “Private veterinary practice in pastoralist areas of eastern Africa,” African Union/Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources. Paper for a regional workshop held in Nakuru, Kenya, 6–9 August 2003.
• “Participatory Market Research in Business Planning for Private Pastoral Veterinary Practice in Turkana District, Kenya,”Michael Ekidor Eregae. 2003.
• “Sustainability and privatization: The Zimbabwe Experience,” S.K. Hargreaves. 2002.
• “The veterinary pharmaceutical industry in Africa: a study of Kenya, Uganda and South Africa,” T.R. Grasswitz, T.J. Leyland, J.T. Musiime, S.J. Owens and K.R. Sones. 2004.
• “Report on: Small Scale Business Planning Training held to Animal Health Professionals in Jigjiga,” SCAHP of CAPE unit of AU IBAR in Collaboration with SRS Veterinary Department. 2004.
• “Business Planning and Entrepreneurship Skills for Veterinarians  and Paraprofessionals,” Wario Chege and Setpro Consult. 2004.

Participatory Epidemiology 

• “Community Participatory Approaches in the Epidemiology and Control of Trypanosomiasis in Camels in Turkana District, Kenya,” Kennedy Miyoro O. Mochabo. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics. 2003.
• “Community Perceptions of Important Camel Diseases in Lapur Division of Turkana District, Kenya,” K.O.M. Mochabo, P.M. Kitala, P.B. Gathura, W.O. Ogara, A. Catley, E.M. Eregae and T.D Kaitho.
• “Linking research and community-based animal healthcare in East Africa,” Andy Catley, Lieve Lynen, and Steven Nalitolela. 2002.
• “Participatory Epidemiology: A guide for trainers,”  Andy Catley. 2005.
• “Participatory Epidemiology and Strengthening Public Sector Veterinary Services,” Andy Catley and Jeffrey Mariner.
• “Participatory Epidemiology: Lessons learned and future direction,” Andy Catley and Jeffrey Mariner. Proceedings of a workshop held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2001.
• “Rinderpest Participatory Disease Searching in the Sudan,” Jeffrey C. Mariner. Workshop report for the Programme for the Pan African Control of Epizootics. Community Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology Unit. 2003.
• Significance of Participatory Epidemiology in Veterinary Public Health Community-Based Systems,” R. Ashley Robinson, Andy Catley, and David Hird.
• “Use of participatory epidemiology to compare the clinical veterinary knowledge of pastoralists and veterinarians in East Africa,” Andy Catley. 2006.
• “Where there is no data: Participatory approaches to veterinary epidemiology in pastoral areas in the Horn of Africa,” Andy Catley and Jeffery Mariner. 2002.
• “Who’s Validity Counts? Participatory Methods for Veterinary Research in Southern Sudan,” Andy Catley.
• “Participatory diagnosis of a heat-intolerance syndrome in cattle in Tanzania and association with foot-and-mouth disease,” A. Catley, R.T. Chibunda, E. Ranga, S. Makungu, F.T. Magayane, G. Magoma, M.J. Madege, W. Vosloo. 2004.

Disease Surveillance

• “Community Animal Health and Participatory Epidemiology Unit Rinderpest Participatory Disease Searching in Ethiopia,” Dickens M. Chibeu. Workshop report, Dollo Ado, Ethiopia March 21-26, 2004. 2004.
• “Community Awareness-raising Methods for Rinderpest Eradication in Southern Sudan,” Bryony Jones. A workshop for animal health workers and community members, Marial Lou, Tonj County,  March 12-15, 2001.
• “Doing it for themselves: how communities developed messages and communication methods for rinderpest eradication in southern Sudan,” Bryony Jones, Aluma Araba, Peter Koskei, and Samuel Leteuwa. 2002.
• “Experiences with community-based and participatory methods for rinderpest surveillance in parts of southern Sudan,” B. A. Jones, A.A. Araba, P. Koskei, and S. Letereuwa. 2002.
• “Participatory Disease Searching for Rinderpest,” Andrew Catley. Training of Trainers course in participatory disease searching. African Union/Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources in Nairobi, Kenya from February 24-26, 2003.
• “Rinderpest Participatory Disease Searching in Karamoja, Uganda,” Jeffrey C. Mariner. Report for a workshop held in Moroto, Uganda. Programme for the Pan African Control of Epizootics. 2003.
• “Rinderpest Participatory Disease Searching in the Somali Ecosystem,” Jeffrey C. Mariner and Berhanu Admassu. Proceedings for a workshop, Griftu, Kenya, November 10-17, 2002. 2002.
• “Rinderpest Participatory Disease Searching in Sudan,” Dickens M. Chibeu. Workshop report, Malakal, Sudan, March 8-13, 2004.
• “The use of community-based animal health workers to strengthen disease surveillance systems in Tanzania,” R. Allport, R. Mosha, M. Bahari, E. Swai and A. Catley. 2005.
• “The role of community-based programmes and participatory epidemiology in disease surveillance and international trade,” Jeffrey C. Mariner, Andy Catley and Cristóbal Zepeda. 2002.
• “The use of participatory disease searching in Pakistan as a form of active disease surveillance for rinderpest and more,” J.C. Mariner, Manzoor Hussain, P.L. Roeder, A. Catley.

Other: 

• “Community participation and global eradication of rinderpest,” Jeffrey Mariner, Peter Roeder, and Berhanu Admassu. 2002.
• “Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Pastoralist Areas of East Africa: Disease Dynamics and Control Options,” African Union/Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources. 2002.
• “Review of Rinderpest Control in Southern Sudan 1989-2000,” Bryony Jones. 2001.
• “Rinderpest Eradication Strategy in the West and East Nile Ecosystems,” J. Mariner. 2001.
• “Using Participatory Epidemiology to Assess the Impact of Livestock Diseases,” Andy Catley and Berhanu Admassu. 2003.

• “Assessing the impact of AU/IBAR Cape Unit Conflict Management Activities in the Karamojong Cluster,” African Union/IBAR. 2004.
• “Assessing the impact of conflict management activities in the Karamojong Cluster,” Conflict-Team-Impact-Assessment-2005,” CAPE Unit and African Union/IBAR. 2005.
• “Breaking the Spears and Cooling the Earth: an analytical review of the Pastoral Communities Harmonisation Initiative,” Daudi Waithaca. 2001.
• “Conflict Trends in the Pokot, Turkana, Karamojong and Sabiny Region during the Last Twenty Years,”  African Union/IBAR. Paper Presented at NGOs Consultative Workshop on Cross Border Challenges and Peace Initiatives; Nairobi, Kenya; April 25–29. 2004.
• “Consultation to advise Sudan Peace Fund support on community-based animal health programming in support of peace building,” Mpoke Leina. 2004.
• “Complementarity between Community-Based Animal Health Delivery Systems and Community-Based Wildlife Management? An analysis of experiences linking animal health to conflict management in pastoralist areas of the Horn of Africa,” Richard Grahn and Tim Leyland.
• “Community-Owned Peace Initiative Meeting Held By Pokot and Turkana Youths at Lochwakula Water Point,” CAPE Unit African Union/IBAR. 2004.
• “Findings and Programme Recommendations Issuing from CAPE Unit Field Mission to Southern Sudan,” Richard Grahn and Nicole Bores. 2002.
• “Formalisation of Village Peace Communities in Karamoja Cluster,” Patrick Irungu. 2001.
• “Karamojong Cluster Harmonisation Meeting,” Organization of African Unity Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources. December 6th to 8th, 1999; Lodwar, Kenya. 1999.
• “Napeitom Follow-up Peace Meeting,” CAPE Unit African Union/IBAR. July 28-29, 2003 Napeitom, Nairobi, Kenya. 2003.
• “Napurakanyi Peace Meeting 6th- 7th February 2004,” CAPE Unit and African Union/IBAR. 2004.
• “Pastoralist Harmonisation Initiative: Second International Meeting,” Delia Grace. 2001.
• “Pastoralist Community Harmonization in the Karamoja Cluster: taking it to the next level,” Larry Minear. 2001.
• “Proceedings of the conflict early warning systems training for the Sudan Peace Fund Consortium partners held at the AU-IBAR on 12th September, 2003,” Richard Ghan and Mike Wekesa. 20.
• “Report of Lochwakula Peace Meeting Lochwakula Grazing Grounds,” CAPE Unit and African Union/IBAR. December 8-10, 2003.
• “The Burial of the Hatchet at Nadapal,” CAPE Unit and African Union/IBAR. 2002.
• “The Kamuto Quick Response Follow-Up Meeting,”CAPE Unit and African Union/IBAR. February 9-10, 2004; Nairobi, Kenya. 2004.
• “The Return of Cattle at Oropoi,” CAPE Unit and African Union/IBAR. 2002.
• “The Return of the Calves: A Meeting Between the Turkana, Matheniko, Politicians and Administrators,” Darlington Akabwai. 2002.

Livestock Market Studies: 

• “An Audit of the Livestock Marketing Status in Kenya, Ethiopia and Sudan,” Yacob Aklilu. 2002.
• “Livestock Export Zone Study,” Belachew Hurrissa Dadi and. S.K. Hargreaves. 2003.
• “Livestock Marketing in Southern Sudan: With Particular Reference to the Cattle Trade between Southern Sudan and Uganda,” Alan King and E. Mukasa-Mugerwa. 2002.
• “Participatory assessment and analysis of  livestock markets, off take and marketing constraints in loima division, Turkana District, Kenya,” Raphael Lotira Arasio. 2003.
• “Pastoral Livestock Marketing Groups in Southern Ethiopia: Some Preliminary Findings,” Yacob Aklilu.

Commodity-based Livestock Trade: 

• “An evaluation of the alternatives and possibilities for countries in sub-Saharan Africa to meet the sanitary standards for entry into the international trade in animals and animal products,” Gideon. K. Brückner. Consultancy undertaken on request of AU-IBAR.
  January – April 2004.
• “International trade in livestock and livestock products: the need for a commodity-based approach,” G. R. Thomson, E. N. Tambi, S. K. Hargreaves, T. J. Leyland, A. P. Catley, G. G. M. Van’t Klooster, M-L. Penrith. 2004.

• “Drought, livestock and livelihoods:lessons from the 1999–2001 emergency response in the pastoral sector in Kenya,” Yakob Aklilu and Mike Wekesa. 2002.
• “Livestock and Livelihoods in Situations of Chronic Conflict and Political Instability: Towards Improved Practice in the Livestock Sector,” Institutional and Policy Support Team African Union at the Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources. Proceedings of an international workshop held at the Nairobi Safari Club, Nairobi, Kenya, August 24th-25th, 2004. 2004.
• “Rebuilding Herds by Reinforcing Gargar/Irb Among the Somali Pastoralists of Kenya: Evaluation of Experimental Restocking Program in Wajir and Mandera Districts of Kenya,” Raphael Lotira Arasio. 2004.

• “Africa Needs Animals,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “Community-based Approaches in Livestock Development: The Means and the End.”  The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “Dryland Myths: Policies that Hurt Pastoralists,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “Improved Market Access for African Livestock Commodities,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “Pastoralism and Conflict: Getting Policies Right,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “Pastoral Women and Livestock Service Delivery,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “Policies That Help Livestock Trade,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “Strategies to Promote Livestock Production, Trade and Marketing in Africa,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “The Livestock Revolution and Opportunities for Africa,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.
• “Towards Pro-Pastoralist Policies in Africa,” The Organization for African Unity and the Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources. 2002.
• “Veterinary Privatization,” The Organization for African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for African Resources. 2002.